5.Earthquake

= ** //Earthquake Effects & Ways to Minimize // **** //& Avoid the Damage of an Earthquake﻿  // **  =

__ //By Melissa Eberts and Haley Glanzer // __
=__Earthquake Effects __ =

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//**Most earthquake related deaths are caused by collapsed buildings **.// The structure and the way these buildings are created in especially threatened areas is important in saving lives. One of the most dangerous effects of an earthquake is a Tsunami. Tsunamis are giant waves that can cause floods and can be up to 100 ft tall. ======

Effects Caused by Sh﻿aking -


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x - Another side effect of an earthquake is fire. The shaking causes broken gas lines. All it takes is a spark to start a deadly fire. Fire was a serious probably in the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake. ======

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A **tsunami** is a large ocean wave; a large destructive ocean wave caused by an underwater earthquake or another movement of the Earth's surface. When the ocean floor at a plate boundary rises or falls suddenly it displaces the water above it and launches the waves that will become ﻿a tsunami. Most tsunamis, about 80%, happen within the Pacific Ocean’s “Ring of Fire,” a geologically active area where tectonic shifts make volcanoes and earthquakes common. A tsunami can cause an immense amount of damage to an area. It causes floods, destroys homes and roadways, kills vegitation and animals, and can even take peoples' lives. ======

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 **Landslides** can : Block roads, damage and destroy homes, locally disrupt water mains, sewers, and power lines, and damage oil- and gas- production facilities. Worldwide, landslides caused by earthquakes kill people and damage structures at higher rates than in the United States. The occurrence of earthquakes in steep landslide-prone areas greatly increases the likelihood that landslides will occur, due to ground shaking alone or shaking-caused dilation of soil materials, which allows rapid infiltration of water. ======

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 <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**Liquefaction** is : when the strength and stiffness of soil is reduced by earthquake shaking and other rapid loading. It has been responsible for tremendous amounts of damage and historical earthquakes around the world. Liquefaction occurs in saturated soils, that is, soils in which the space between individual particles is completely filled with water. This water exerts a pressure on the soil particles that influences how tightly the particles themselves are pressed together. Prior to an earthquake, the water pressure is relatively low. However, earthquake shaking can cause the water pressure to increase to the point where the soil particles can readily move with respect to each other. ======

<span style="background-color: #8a7f7b; color: #ffffff; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 150%;">The Richter Scale
<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">significantly damage to poorly built structures over a small area. || =**<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">__<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">How to Minimize the Effects of Earthquakes __ **=
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Richter Scale Magnitude || <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Earthquake Effects ||
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Less than 3.5 || <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Basically unable to be felt, but is recorded by seismology labs ||
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Between 3.5 and 5.4 || <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Usually felt, but causes minimal damage ||
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Between 5.4 and 6.0 || <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">May cause slight damage to well-designed buildings, but can
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Between 6.1 and 6.9 || <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Destructive over an area up to 60 miles in diameter ||
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">7.0 and 7.9 || <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Considered a major earthquake. Causes serious damage over a large area. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">8.0 + || <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Very significant earthquake. Causes serious damage over 100 miles in diameter. ||

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<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">The building failures from earthquakes have taught architects and engineers. There are many designs to reduce the damage earthquakes can cause. The following are additions added to buildings in seismically active locations to help them withstand earthquakes: ======

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<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**__Active Tendon System__**- much like the mass damper; the sensors of the system report to a computer that there is movement throughout the building. The computer triggers devices that shift the building's heaviness and neutralize the weight ===== <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**__Cross Braces__**- steel structers that are layed between floors; counteracts pressure and maximizes the opposition to tension and strain

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**__Base Isolators__**- layers consisting of rubber and steel enclosed around a lead center perform as shock-absorbers

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**__Flexible Pipes__**- pipes within a building that can bend and twist.
<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">

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<span style="color: #d981ce; font-family: Georgia,serif;">"Earthquake Effects." //Penn State Earthquake Seismology//. Web. 04 May 2011. []. ====== <span style="color: #ad05ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">"Earthquake Effects." __Library.thinkquest.org__. //ORACLE ThinkQuest.// 03 May 2011 <span style="color: #ad05ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">﻿﻿http://library.thinkquest.org/03oct/00795/earthquakecauses.html

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<span style="color: #ff00b0; font-family: Georgia,serif;">"What is mass damper? definition and meaning." __CarDictionary.com – Online Car and Automobile Dictionary__. 04 May 2011 []. ====== <span style="color: #d981ce; font-family: Georgia,serif;">"Earthquake Museum-Effects of Earthquakes." __OlympusNet - First Internet Service Provider for the Olympic Peninsula__. 04 May 2011 http://www.olympus.net/personal/gofamily/quake/effects.html.

<span style="color: #ad05ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">"Tsunami Facts, Tsunami Information, Tsunami Videos, Tsunami Photos - National Geographic." //Environment Facts, Environment Science, Global Warming, Natural Disasters, Ecosystems, Green Living - National Geographic//. Web. 04 May 2011. [].

<span style="color: #ff00a3; font-family: Georgia,serif;">"Landslide Types and Processes." __National Atlas home page__. 04 May 2011 <span style="color: #ff00a3; font-family: Georgia,serif;">[].

<span style="color: #d981ce; font-family: Georgia,serif;">"Damage Caused by EarthQuakes." //UCSC Earth & Planetary Sciences//. Web. 04 May 2011. <span style="color: #d981ce; font-family: Georgia,serif;">[].

__ Melissa - __
I contributed in my written part of the report, Earthquake Effects, as well as the formatting of the whole project and the formatting of the biography. I also added captions to the pictures, and included the Richter scale.

I created the SketchUp structure, and I wrote the "How to Minimize the Effects of Earthquakes" section of the project. I also included pictures of some additions to minimize Earthquake effects.
 * __ Haley - __**